ca:- ca

ca ¦ ind. and, both, also, moreover, as well as (= τε, Lat. que, placed like these particles as an enclitic after the word which it connects with what precedes;
when used with a personal pronoun this must appear in its fuller accented form (e.g. ta/va ca ma/ma ca [not te ca me ca], ‘both of thee and me’), when used after verbs the first of them is accented, Pāṇ. viii, 1, 58 f.;
it connects whole sentences as well as parts of sentences;
in RV. the double ca occurs more frequently than the single (e.g. aha/M ca tva/M ca, ‘I and thou’, viii, 62, 11);
the double ca may also be used somewhat redundantly in class. Sanskṛt (e.g. kva hariRakAnAM jIvitaM cAtilolaM kva ca vajra-sArAH SarAs te, ‘where is the frail existence, of fawns and where are thy adamantine arrows?’, Śak. i, 10);
in later literature, however, the first ca is more usually omitted (e.g. ahaM tvaM ca), and when more than two things are enumerated only one ca is often found (e.g. tejasA yaSasA lakzmyA sTityA ca parayA, ‘in glory, in fame, in beauty, and in high position’, Nal. xii, 6);
elsewhere, when more than two things are enumerated, ca is placed after some and omitted after others (e.g. fRa-dAtA ca vEdyaS ca Srotriyo nadI, ‘the payer of a debt and a physician [and] a Brāhman [and] a river’, Hit. i, 4, 55);
in Ved. and even in class. Sanskṛt [Mn. iii, 20; ix, 322; Hit.],
when the double ca would generally be used, the second may occasionally be omitted (e.g. indraS ca soma, ‘both Indra [and thou] Soma’, RV. vii, 104, 25;
durBedyaS cASusaMDeyaH, ‘both difficult to be divided [and] quickly united’, Hit. i);
with lexicographers ca may imply a reference to certain other words which are not expressed (e.g. kamaRqalO ca karakaH, ‘the word karaka has the meaning ‘pitcher’ and other meanings’);
sometimes ca is = eva, even, indeed, certainly, just (e.g. su-cintitaM cOzaDaM na nAma-mAtreRa karoty arogam, ‘even a well-devised remedy does not cure a disease by its mere name’, Hit.;
yAvanta eva te tAvAMSca saH, ‘as great as they [were] just so great was he’, Ragh. xii, 45);
occasionally ca is disjunctive, ‘but’, ‘on the contrary’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘yet’, ‘nevertheless’ (varam AdyO na cAntimaH, ‘better the two first but not the last’, Hit. ;
SAntam idam ASrama-padaM sPurati ca bAhuH, ‘this hermitage is tranquil yet my arm throbs’, Śak. i, 15);
ca-ca, though — yet, Vikr. ii, 9;
ca-na ca, though — yet not, Pat.;
ca — na tu (v.l. nanu) id., Mālav. iv, 8;
na ca — ca, though not — yet, Pat.;
ca may be used for vA, ‘either’, ‘or’ (e.g. iha cAmutra vA, ‘either here or hereafter’, Mn. xii, 89;
strI vA pumAn vA yac cAnyat sattvam, ‘either a woman or a man or any other being’, R.), and when a neg. particle is joined with ca the two may then be translated by ‘neither’, ‘nor’;
occasionally one ca or one na is omitted (e.g. na ca pariBoktuM nEva Saknomi hAtum, ‘I am able neither to enjoy nor to abandon’, Śak. v, 18;
na pUrvAhRe na ca parAhRe, ‘neither in the forenoon nor in the afternoon’);
ca-ca may express immediate connection between two acts or their simultaneous occurrence (e.g. mama ca muktaM tamasA mano manasijena Danuzi SaraS ca niveSitaH, ‘no sooner is my mind freed from darkness than a shaft is fixed on his bow by the heart-born god’, vi, 8);
ca is sometimes = ced, ‘if’ (cf. Pāṇ. viii, 1, 30;
the verb is accented), RV.;
AV.;
MBh.;
Vikr. ii, 20;
Bhartṛ. ii, 45;
ca may be used as an expletive (e.g. anyES ca kratuBiS ca, ‘and with other sacrifices’);
ca is often joined to an adv. like eva, api, taTA, taTEva, &c., either with or without a neg. particle (e.g. vEriRaM nopaseveta sahAyaM cEva vEriRaH, ‘one ought not to serve either an enemy or the ally of an enemy’, Mn. iv, 133);
(see eva, api, &c.) For the meaning of ca after an interrogative See ka/, kaTA/, ki/m, kva/);